3-7-25

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is the “handbook” for mental health professionals when diagnosing mental health conditions. It provides a framework for understanding these nuances, categorizing depressive disorders to aid in diagnosis and treatment. This week’s post offers an overview of some key depressive disorders as defined by the DSM-5.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): This is what many think of when they hear "depression.”  MDD is characterized by a persistent sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with other symptoms like loss of interest in activities, significant weight changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death. These symptoms must be present for at least two weeks and cause significant distress or impairment in daily life.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) (Dysthymia): Think of PDD as a chronic, low-grade depression. Individuals with PDD experience a depressed mood that persists for at least two years (one year in children and adolescents). While the symptoms may be less severe than MDD, their long-lasting nature can significantly impact well-being. It's sometimes described as "always feeling a little down."

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): This diagnosis applies to children and adolescents up to age 18 who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent, severe temper outbursts. These outbursts are inconsistent with the child's developmental level and occur, on average, three or more times per week. It's crucial to distinguish DMDD from other childhood behavioral disorders. Symptoms are usually present before the age of 10 and can include aggressive behavior, trouble functioning due to their level of irritability, as well as the aforementioned persistent irritability and severe outbursts. 

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): This disorder only affects women and is characterized by significant mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and depression in the week or two before menstruation. The symptoms are more severe than those associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and can significantly interfere with daily functioning. Symptoms improve within a few days of menstruation starting and resolve or significantly reduce the week following menstruation.

Other Specified or Unspecified Depressive Disorders: The DSM-5 also includes depressive disorder with an “other specified” specifier.  These disorders have symptoms that align with a depressive disorder, however don’t meet all diagnostic criteria for other specific diagnosis.  This allows clinicians to acknowledge and treat individuals who are experiencing significant depressive symptoms even if they don't fit neatly into a predefined box.

It's important to remember that these are just brief descriptions, that not everyone will experience all of these symptoms, and the severity of symptoms can vary. If you're concerned about yourself or someone you know, seeking professional help is essential. Early intervention and appropriate treatment can make a significant difference in the lives of those struggling with depression.

Written by Jamie Scamihorn, MSW, LCSW